Roles of growth factors in osteogenesis: Clinical and regenerative applications

Bone regeneration is a regulated process that depends on molecular and cellular signaling. Among these organized factors, growth factors (GFs) are considered essential elements that guide osteogenesis. GFs such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are considered key factors in the differentiation and maturation of osteogenic cells. These factors play a role in angiogenesis and the formation of the extracellular matrix. GFs are involved in signaling pathways that regulate bone formation and remodeling. These pathways cross-talk with one another. Advances in molecular biology, tissue engineering, and recombinant proteins have described the mechanisms of GFs and their effects through osteoblast and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) behavior. This phenomenon could be exploited in medical treatment. In recent years, the treatment of bone defects, such as maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and fracture repair, with the aid of genetic engineering and the design of GF-based strategies has garnered the attention of experts. Optimal drug dosage, biosafety, and treatment costs are challenges in this field. This review summarizes the biological roles of major GFs in osteogenesis, discusses their current and emerging clinical applications, and explores regenerative strategies integrating GFs with biomaterials and stem cells to enhance bone repair. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for developing more effective and predictable therapies for bone regeneration.

کلیدواژه ها:

growth factor ، Maxillofacial reconstruction ، Spinal Fusion ، Bone defects ، Bone regeneration ، Recombinant Proteins