Antimicrobial nanoparticle-based wound dressings: from theory to clinical applications

Chronic and infected wounds continue to represent a substantial clinical burden, particularly in the context of escalating antibiotic resistance, where conventional dressings frequently fail to provide adequate antimicrobial protection or to promote efficient tissue repair. Nanoparticles have emerged as promising antibacterial and wound-healing agents due to their distinctive physicochemical properties, including high surface area and controlled ion release. Among these, silver nanoparticles exhibit the most potent antimicrobial activity, whereas polymeric and lipid-based systems offer enhanced biocompatibility and sustained release characteristics. This review presents an updated and comparative analysis of antimicrobial nanoparticle-based wound dressings, encompassing metallic, polymeric, lipid-based, carbon-based, and hybrid nanomaterials. It examines their antibacterial mechanisms of action, fabrication strategies (including hydrogels, electrospinning, and three-dimensional printing), and clinical applicability. In addition, the review critically evaluates toxicity thresholds, biocompatibility considerations, regulatory frameworks, and translational challenges. By integrating recent evidence (۲۰۲۰–۲۰۲۴), including clinical case reports, this review bridges experimental findings with clinical practice and outlines future perspectives, such as the development of smart, stimuli-responsive, and environmentally sustainable nanoparticle systems for next-generation wound management.

کلیدواژه ها:

Antibacterial agents ، Nanomedicine ، Nanoparticles ، Wound dressings ، Wound healing