۳-MCPD and Glycidyl Esters in Edible Oils: Formation, Health Risks, and the U.S. Regulatory and Industrial Response

This review critically examines the formation, toxicity, and regulatory landscape of ۳-monochloropropane-۱,۲-diol (۳-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters (GEs) in edible oils, with a specific focus on the United States. Formed primarily during high-temperature deodorization (>۲۰۰ °C), these process contaminants are most prevalent in refined palm oil (۰.۵–۲.۰ mg/kg) and infant formulas. While international bodies, such as the European Union (EU), have established strict maximum residue limits (e.g., ۱.۲۵ mg/kg for ۳-MCPD in oils), the U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) currently relies on voluntary industry guidance without binding limits. This regulatory asymmetry poses potential trade and safety challenges. The analytical detection methods were evaluated, contrasting the robustness of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) against the sensitivity of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and assessing industrial mitigation strategies such as dual-temperature deodorization and adsorbent refining. The review highlighted a critical gap in U.S. policy: while voluntary compliance has reduced levels in infant formula, broader edible oil categories remain unregulated. This study concluded by advocating for the harmonization of U.S. standards with Codex Alimentarius to ensure consumer safety and market competitiveness.

کلیدواژه ها:

Process contaminants ، ۳-MCPD ، Glycidyl esters ، Edible oil refining ، Food safety regulation ، Health Risks