Garlic Peel Surface Modification as an Effective Adsorbent for the Removal of Ceftriaxone from Aqueous Solutions

In the current work, abundant and economical agricultural by-products, garlic peels (GP), were evaluated as a biosorbent for removing Ceftriaxone from wastewater. GP was chemically modified with NaOH to enhance surface area, porosity, functional groups, and adsorption sites. The modified material (GP–NaOH) was washed, dried at ۸۰ °C for ۲۴ h, and ground to a fine powder. FTIR, SEM, and TEM were used for characterization. SEM images showed transformation from smooth raw GP to porous GP–NaOH surface, confirming successful activation. Batch adsorption studies investigated the effects of contact time, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, and pH. The maximum adsorption capacity was ۴۱.۹ mg/g at a ۰.۱ g dose, ۵۰ mg/L concentration, and pH ۶. GP–NaOH showed nearly threefold higher capacity than raw GP. The adsorbent was regenerated using ۰.۰۱ M HCl and exhibited good reusability and stability. These findings indicate that GP–NaOH is a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for pharmaceutical removal from wastewater and supports green remediation technologies and highlights its potential application for large-scale wastewater treatment due to its simplicity, efficiency, and environmentally benign nature, making it a promising alternative to conventional adsorbents in environmental remediation and supports future sustainable development of low-cost biosorbent-based water purification systems at industrial scale in developing countries and globally use.

کلیدواژه ها:

Garlic peel waste ، Ceftriaxone ، Adsorption ، Biosorption ، Agricultural waste