Synthesis, structural characterization, and time-dependent comparative cytotoxicity of Co_۳O_۴ nanoparticles in MCF-۷ and HUVEC cells

Cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) nanoparticles were synthesized using a precipitation method. Hydrated cobalt chloride (CoCl₂·۶H₂O) was used as the cobalt precipitate, and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) as the precipitating agent in the precipitation and calcination process to produce Cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) nanoparticles. To create crystalline Cobalt oxide nanoparticles, the precipitate was cleaned, dried for ۱۲ hours at ۸۰ °C, and then roasted for three hours at ۵۰۰ °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the produced nanomaterials. Cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) nanoparticles were produced using the precipitation method. XRD analysis revealed diffraction peaks at ۲θ values of ۱۹.۲۳°, ۳۱.۴۹°, ۳۷.۰۷°, ۳۸.۷۷°, ۴۵.۰۲°, ۵۵.۸۷°, ۵۹.۵۴°, ۶۵.۴۳°, ۷۴.۳۳°, ۷۷.۴۹°, and ۷۸.۶۱°, confirming the successful formation of crystalline spinel Co₃O₄. The existence of a broad hydroxyl-related absorption band and distinctive Co–O vibrations in the low-wavenumber region provided additional evidence for cobalt oxide production in FTIR spectroscopy. While AFM investigation verified a heterogeneous and rugged nanoscale surface topography, SEM analysis revealed an aggregated nanostructured morphology made up of closely spaced grains with irregular rod-like characteristics. The MTT test was used to assess the in vitro cytotoxic activity of Co₃O₄ nanoparticles against HUVEC normal cells and MCF-۷ breast cancer cells following ۲۴ and ۴۸ hours of exposure at concentrations ranging from ۲۵ to ۴۰۰ ppm. With a noticeably greater inhibitory effect on MCF-۷ cells, the nanoparticles clearly reduced cell viability in both cell lines and did so in a time-dependent manner. Viability in MCF-۷ cells dropped from ۶۱.۲۳% to ۴.۲۳% after ۴۸ hours and from ۷۲.۶۰% at ۲۵ ppm to ۹.۰۰% at ۴۰۰ ppm after ۲۴ hours. HUVEC cells, on the other hand, maintained greater viability under the same circumstances, declining from ۹۰.۷۷% to ۳۱.۶۷% after ۴۸ hours and from ۹۳.۵۳% to ۴۷.۵۳% after ۲۴ hours. IC۵۰ values for MCF-۷ cells at ۲۴ and ۴۸ hours were ۹۰.۰۸ and ۴۰.۴۴ ppm, respectively, compared to ۳۸۵.۷۶ and ۱۸۰.۳۵ ppm for HUVEC cells, according to nonlinear regression analysis of the normalised viability data. These results show that the produced Co₃O₄ nanoparticles have distinct structural features, exhibit substantial time-dependent cytotoxicity, and have a greater inhibitory effect on MCF-۷ breast cancer cells than on HUVEC normal cells. Therefore, as a promising nanomaterial for anticancer-oriented in vitro applications, Co₃O₄ nanoparticles need more research.

کلیدواژه ها:

Co₃O₄ nanoparticles ، Cobalt oxide ، Spinel structure ، XRD ، MTT assay