A Comprehensive Review of Wireless Power Transfer Technology: Principles, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) has emerged as one of the most transformative technologies in modern electrical engineering. By enabling the transmission of electrical energy without physical conductors, WPT provides innovative solutions for electric vehicles, biomedical implants, consumer electronics, industrial automation, and smart buildings. This paper presents a comprehensive review of WPT technologies, including inductive coupling, resonant magnetic coupling, capacitive coupling, microwave transmission, and laser-based power transfer. The study compares their operating principles, transmission efficiency, transfer distance, power capacity, and safety considerations. Recent advancements in high-frequency power electronics, magnetic materials, and intelligent control systems are analyzed. Furthermore, the paper discusses major technical challenges such as misalignment sensitivity, electromagnetic interference, thermal management, and standardization. Finally, future research trends including dynamic wireless charging, Internet of Energy integration, and AI-based optimization are proposed. The findings indicate that resonant magnetic coupling currently offers the most promising balance between efficiency, safety, and scalability for medium-range applications, while microwave and laser systems may become viable solutions for long-distance energy transmission in future smart infrastructures.

کلیدواژه ها:

Wireless Power Transfer ، Resonant Coupling ، Inductive Charging ، Microwave Power Transmission ، Smart Energy Systems ، Electric Vehicles.