Nanobiotechnology Approaches for Epigenetic Reprogramming: Current Advances, Emerging Strategies, and Future Perspectives

Cellular reprogramming has emerged as a transformative approach in regenerative medicine, offering unprecedented opportunities for tissue repair, disease modeling, and personalized therapeutics. However, the efficiency and stability of cell-fate conversion remain constrained by multiple epigenetic barriers, including DNA methylation, repressive histone modifications, epigenetic memory, and higher-order chromatin organization. Recent advances in nanobiotechnology have provided innovative strategies to overcome these limitations through the development of sophisticated delivery systems capable of enhancing the stability, targeting specificity, and intracellular accessibility of epigenetic regulators. This review examines the molecular mechanisms underlying epigenetic control of cellular identity and critically evaluates the application of lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanocarriers, inorganic nanomaterials, and biomimetic vesicles for the delivery of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone-modifying agents, regulatory non-coding RNAs, and CRISPR-based epigenome-editing systems. Particular emphasis is placed on emerging approaches involving multifunctional nanoplatforms, programmable epigenetic engineering, and partial cellular reprogramming as novel strategies for epigenetic rejuvenation and regenerative therapy. In addition, current challenges related to nanotoxicity, genomic stability, delivery efficiency, manufacturing scalability, and clinical translation are discussed. Finally, the integration of intelligent nanomaterials, artificial intelligence, and single-cell multi-omics technologies is highlighted as a promising framework for the development of precision regenerative medicine. Collectively, the convergence of nanotechnology and epigenetic engineering is establishing a new paradigm for the controlled manipulation of cellular identity and may accelerate the translation of next-generation reprogramming strategies into clinical applications.

کلیدواژه ها:

Nanobiotechnology ، Epigenetic Reprogramming ، Cellular Reprogramming ، Nanoparticles ، DNA Methylation ، Histone Modification ، Epigenome Engineering ، Regenerative Medicine