Progress in formulations of antimicrobial peptides in micro- and nanoscale: Novel antimicrobial strategies

Antibiotic resistance in various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria is increasing, rendering conventional antibiotics ineffective. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been used as an effective alternative to address this problem, targeting a wide variety of pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, and even parasites. Numerous AMPs target and disrupt the lipid bilayers of microbial cell membranes. AMPs can penetrate the cell membrane and interact with intracellular targets, such as proteins, nucleic acids, or enzymes, thereby interfering with cellular processes. In addition to their direct antimicrobial effects, AMPs have exhibited immunomodulatory features and can activate immune cells, recruit other immune cells to sites of infection, and modulate inflammation.

کلیدواژه ها:

Bacterial membrane ، Lipid bilayers ، Intracellular targets ، Immunomodulatory features ، Modulated inflammation