A Comprehensive Review of Modern Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Efficiency, Sustainability Integration, and Practical Challenges

Water scarcity and pollution from population and industrial growth demand efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. This review examines modern global approaches, including Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR), Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), Electrochemical Treatment, Reverse Osmosis (RO), Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD), and Constructed Wetland Systems (CWs). It evaluates their efficiency, sustainability, and challenges using studies from ۲۰۱۸–۲۰۲۴ (Scopus, Science Direct). Findings show that MBR and RO achieve high pollutant removal but at high operational costs, while CWs and MBBR provide cost-effective, energy-efficient alternatives. Hybrid systems combining multiple technologies demonstrate strong potential for balancing performance and sustainability. The study highlights that no universal solution exists; selection depends on local environmental and economic conditions. Future research should aim to optimize hybrid systems, reduce costs, and integrate AI and IoT for smart monitoring to enhance adaptability to climate change. This review supports decision-makers, engineers, and researchers in selecting appropriate technologies and advancing sustainable wastewater management.

کلیدواژه ها:

Wastewater ، MBR technology ، MBBR technology ، AOPs technology ، Solar treatment technology