Polysaccharide-Derived Nanostructures: Engineering Strategies and Frontiers in Precision Nanomedicine

Nanotechnology has fundamentally revolutionized the biomedical landscape by providing high-precision solutions for diagnostics, therapeutics, and regenerative medicine. Among the myriads of available nanomaterials, carbohydrate-derived nanoparticles have emerged as premier candidates due to their superior biocompatibility, inherent biodegradability, low immunogenicity, and extensive structural versatility. This review provides a rigorous analysis of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles, delineating their primary synthetic methodologies, including ionic gelation, emulsification-solvent evaporation, and amphiphilic self-assembly, alongside critical physicochemical characterization techniques, such as dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. A diverse library of polymers is examined, encompassing chitosan, hyaluronic acid (HA), alginate, and various microbial and marine-derived gums, each possessing unique functional moieties that facilitate specialized biological interactions. These nano constructs function as intelligent delivery vectors for pharmacological and genetic payloads, utilizing both passive accumulation via the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect and active targeting through specific ligand-receptor affinities. Furthermore, their utility extends to advanced bioimaging as contrast agents, highly sensitive diagnostic biosensors, and bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering and immunomodulation. Although challenges regarding industrial scalability and long-term toxicological profiles persist, the integration of stimuli-responsive mechanisms and theragnostic functionalities is projected to drive the next generation of personalized and efficacious nanomedicine.

کلیدواژه ها:

Nanoparticles ، Polysaccharides ، Drug Delivery ، bioimaging ، Biocompatibility ، nanomedicine