Advancements and applications of nanomembranes for sustainable wastewater treatment: A technical perspective

Providing safe and clean water for a rapidly growing population is a critical global challenge. Nanotechnology-based membranes, or nanomembranes, represent a promising pathway toward sustainable wastewater treatment. Their ultra-thin, highporosity structure can offer superior contaminant removal, enhanced flux, and lower energy consumption compared to conventional membranes. This review addresses both the fundamental principles and the latest advancements of nanomembranes, with an emphasis on the practical hurdles that currently impede widespread industrial adoption. Issues such as fouling, short operational lifespans, and cost barriers are discussed. In addition, the text highlights emerging materials and fabrication strategies, including two-dimensional (۲D) nanosheets such asgraphene oxide and MXenes, as well as composite membranes integrated with metal-organic frameworks or covalent organic frameworks. Real-world applications are summarized, along with a discussion of how specialized membrane designs can reduce fouling in large-scale treatment plants. The review concludes by proposing future research directions that could make nanomembrane technologies both economically viable and environmentally safe, and by illustrating how these novel systems can be scaled up to help achieve global clean-water sustainability goals.

کلیدواژه ها:

Nanomaterials ، Nanomembrane ، Nanotechnology ، Sustainable technology ، Wastewater treatment