Investigation and Analysis of Land Subsidence Caused by Groundwater Level Decline and Its Impact on the Physical and Spatial Growth of the City (Case Study: District ۲۲ of Tehran)

Land subsidence has become a critical environmental and urban planning challenge in Tehran, particularly in District ۲۲, due to rapid urban development, intensive groundwater extraction, and vulnerable geological conditions. This study employs a multi-source geospatial analysis, integrating remote sensing techniques, GIS spatial modeling, and field surveys, to evaluate the spatial-temporal patterns and driving factors of subsidence in the district. InSAR data from Sentinel-۱ satellites are analyzed to quantify ground deformation over the last decade, while GIS-based layers of land use, soil type, and urban density are incorporated to understand correlations with subsidence intensity. Results reveal that the western and central areas of District ۲۲ experience the most significant deformation, with cumulative subsidence exceeding ۲ meters in some zones. Temporal analysis shows a direct link between groundwater pumping cycles and seasonal ground deformation. The study highlights the vulnerability of infrastructure, including roads and buildings, in high-subsidence zones and emphasizes the need for integrated urban water management and adaptive planning strategies. Scenario modeling suggests that without regulatory intervention, subsidence will continue to accelerate, threatening long-term urban sustainability. The findings provide practical insights for urban planners, civil engineers, and policymakers, offering a scalable framework for monitoring, mitigation, and strategic planning to enhance urban resilience in rapidly growing megacities

کلیدواژه ها:

Land Subsidence ، GIS Analysis ، InSAR ، Urban Planning ، Groundwater Management