Artificial Intelligence: A Technology in the Service of Justice or a Threat to Judicial Ethics (A Comparative Study in the Legal Systems of Iran, the United States, and the European Union)

Introduction: The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed the landscape of judicial decision-making, raising crucial questions concerning justice, ethics, and the role of human oversight. This comparative study examines AI as both a tool for enhancing justice and a potential threat to judicial ethics within the legal systems of Iran, the United States, and the European :union:. By analyzing the theoretical foundations of justice, the opportunities created by AI, the emerging ethical challenges, and the corresponding policy responses in each system, the present research explores both the benefits and the inherent risks of incorporating AI into judicial processes. It seeks to answer whether artificial intelligence serves as a technology that advances justice or as one that undermines judicial ethics. Conclusion: The findings indicate that while AI can improve efficiency, consistency, and access to justice, it also poses challenges such as algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, gaps in legal accountability, and the erosion of human moral judgment. The study identifies three distinct models of “technological justice”: The ethical–judicial model of Iran, emphasizing human and moral oversight; The functional–procedural model of the United States, focusing on efficiency and case-based adaptability; and the fundamental rights–based model of the European :union:, centering on fundamental rights and risk management in policy-making. Ultimately, the research concludes that the effective integration of artificial intelligence into judicial processes requires a careful balance between technological innovation, ethical assurance, human presence, and culturally grounded legal frameworks.

کلیدواژه ها:

Artificial Intelligence ، Judicial Ethics ، Comparative Law ، Justice ، Legal Policy