Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure in Traditional Markets: An Environmental Health Risk Assessment

Urban air pollution, particularly from vehicular emissions, contributes significantly to public health risks. Traditional market vendors in Kendari City are exposed daily to pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), especially in markets located near high-traffic areas. This study aimed to assess the respiratory and cardiovascular health risks associated with CO and NO₂ exposure among traders at Anduonohu and Baruga Markets using the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach. An observational study design was used. A total of ۳۲۲ respondents were selected using cluster random sampling. CO and NO₂ concentrations were measured at ten sampling sites, and wind patterns, direction, and speed at these sites were also recorded. Individual exposure data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. Risk characterization was expressed as Risk Quotient (RQ), with RQ > ۱ indicating a potential health risk. Although CO and NO₂ concentrations were below national air quality standards, ۶۷ traders had RQ > ۱ for CO in real-time exposure, indicating potential health risks. CO exposure risk increased significantly with longer exposure durations. NO₂ exposures remained within safe limits (RQ < ۱), although values approached the threshold in some cases. Wind direction, traffic density, and lack of vegetation contributed to spatial variations in pollutant distribution. CO poses a health risk to vendors, particularly with prolonged exposure. Risk management strategies, such as reducing exposure duration and frequency, along with behavior-based interventions, are needed to protect at-risk populations in markets with high exposure to the pollutant.

کلیدواژه ها:

Air pollution ، Carbon monoxide ، Nitrogen Dioxide ، environmental exposure ، Risk Assessment ، public health