A Technical Review of Advanced Nano/Microstructure Materials for Cloud Seeding from Design Principles to Operational Applications

Cloud seeding has emerged as a transformative technology for weather modification and water resource management, with notable progress in material design over recent decades. This article provides a comprehensive review of advanced nano/microstructured materials, including NaCl/TiO₂ core/shell particles (CSNT), nature-inspired double-shell structures (rGTNC), and porous rGO/SiO₂ composites (PrGO-SN). Leveraging nanotechnology, these materials overcome limitations of traditional seeding agents like NaCl and AgI, enhancing the efficiency of moisture capture and ice nucleation through sophisticated mechanisms. Notably, the porous PrGO-SN composites, with their three-dimensional structure, high specific surface area (۱۷۸.۸۴ m²/g), and hydrophilic functional groups, enable ice nucleation at higher temperatures (-۸°C) and lower relative humidity (۵-۸% supersaturation). This review details the physicochemical properties, synthesis methods, laboratory performance, and challenges such as scalability and environmental impacts. Future directions for operational-scale development and broader applications in weather modification are also discussed

کلیدواژه ها:

Core-Shell Nanomaterials (CSNT) ، Porous Graphene Composites (PrGO-SN) ، Ice Nucleation ، High Specific Surface Area ، Nanomaterial Synthesis