Heat Transfer Enhancement and Thermal Management in Modern Automotive Systems: From Nanofluids to Electrification and AI

The thermal management of automotive vehicles is undergoing a paradigm shift driven by the dual requirements of higher efficiency in Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) and the stringent safety demands of Electric Vehicles (EVs). This paper presents a comprehensive ۱۰-page review of heat transfer mechanisms, focusing on developments between ۲۰۲۰ and ۲۰۲۴. It critically analyzes the transition from traditional ethylene-glycol coolants to advanced nanofluids, the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in radiator optimization, and the emerging technology of dielectric immersion cooling for battery packs. Furthermore, the study explores Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) technologies such as Thermoelectric Generators (TEG). The theoretical framework is supported by governing equations of convection, conduction, and nucleate boiling. Results indicate that while nanofluids can enhance thermal conductivity by up to ۲۰%, stability remains a challenge. Conversely, immersion cooling offers a ۴۰-۵۰% improvement in heat dissipation for high-power EV charging scenarios compared to indirect liquid cooling.

کلیدواژه ها:

Heat Transfer ، Automotive Radiator ، Nanofluids ، Immersion Cooling ، CFD Simulation ، Waste Heat Recovery