Numerical Methods

In the current study, a cylindrical lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery with a radius of (r = ۱۳.۱۲۵ mm) and a height of (h = ۶۵.۴ mm) was utilized. The battery is encapsulated within a rectangular shell with dimensions expressed as (۴r × h × ۸r), as presented in Figure (۱). The physical properties of the battery materials are given in Table (۱). The simulation was performed in the transient regime, for a time period of ۱۵۰۰ seconds. The heating sources inside the battery consist of two major parts [۱۱]: irreversible heat (Joule heating) and reversible heat (Entropic heating). The first type stems from electrical resistance within the battery, whereas the second stems from chemical reactions inside the battery. Previous studies have indicated that the reversible heat on average represents about ۲۰% of the irreversible heat [۱۱], [۱۲]. Consequently, the modeling of the heating sources inside the battery is given following Equation (۱).