Stem Cell-based Treatment Strategies for Degenerative Diseases of the Retina. Patients: A Systematic Review

Background and Aim: The main cause of progressive vision impairment in retinal degenerative diseases is the dysfunction of photoreceptors and the underlying retinal pigment epithelial cells. The inadequate regenerative capacity of the neural retina and lack of established therapeutic options demand the development of clinical grade protocols to halt the degenerative process in the eye or to replace the damaged cells by using stem cell-derived products. Recently, stem cell-based regenerative therapies are at the forefront of clinical investigations for retinal dystrophies. This article provides a comprehensive review of various stem cell-based therapeutic strategies currently employed for retinal degenerative diseases, encompassing recent clinical trials and the significant challenges in translating these therapies from bench to bedside. Materials and Methods: In this review, we searched for PubMed Scientific Information Database and Artificial intelligence tools for the years ۲۰۲۲ to ۲۰۲۴. The search keywords conducted were Stem Cells and the Degenerative Diseases of Retina. In this review, we analyzed four studies. Results: Our review demonstrates that retinal regeneration research actively explores diverse stem cell sources, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess broad differentiation potential but face ethical and immunological hurdles. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), derived from patient-specific cells, offer a more personalized and potentially immune-compatible alternative. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit immunomodulatory properties and support tissue repair, though direct photoreceptor differentiation remains a challenge. Treatment strategies encompass cell replacement therapy, utilizing stem cells as vehicles for therapeutic gene or protein delivery, and leveraging their immunomodulatory capabilities. Neuroprotective strategies aim to safeguard existing retinal cells, while stimulating endogenous regeneration focuses on activating the inherent regenerative capacity of resident retinal cells. Conclusion: Stem cell research offers a glimmer of hope for patients with retinal degenerative diseases. While significant challenges remain, ongoing research and technological advancements are paving the way for the development of innovative and effective therapies that could potentially restore vision and improve the quality of life for millions of people worldwide.

کلیدواژه ها:

Retinal Degeneration ، Stem Cell Therapy ، Gene Therapy ، Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) ، Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) ، Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) ، Cell Replacement Therapy ، Neuroprotection ، Endogenous Regeneration ، Clinical Translation