The Value of Spectroscopy on Alzheimer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

Background: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the brain. It is the most common form of dementia, accounting for ۶۰-۸۰% of all dementia cases. Spectroscopic techniques have emerged as promising tools for the early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), offering potential advantages in sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and non-invasiveness. Materials and Methods: This study comprehensively reviews the applications of various spectroscopic methods in AD diagnosis, including magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), Raman spectroscopy, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We conducted a comprehensive search across medical and technical databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) from January ۲۰۱۴ to January ۲۰۲۴. Results: Analysis of data from ۱۵ studies published reveals that proton MRS achieves ۸۷.۳% sensitivity in detecting neurometabolic changes, particularly in N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratios, during early disease stages. Raman spectroscopy demonstrated remarkable accuracy (۹۱.۲%, ۹۵% CI: ۸۸.۷-۹۳.۷%) in identifying ẞ-amyloid-related molecular signatures in blood samples, potentially offering a cost-effective screening tool. NIRS showed promising results in monitoring cerebral oxygenation patterns, with ۸۴.۶% specificity in distinguishing AD patients from healthy controls. Notably, multimodal spectroscopic approaches combining MRS with conventional imaging improved diagnostic accuracy by ۱۲.۴% compared to single-modality techniques (p<۰.۰۰۱). Conclusion: However, challenges persist in standardizing acquisition protocols and establishing robust biomarker cutoff values across different populations. This review highlights spectroscopy's significant potential as a diagnostic tool for AD while emphasizing the need for larger longitudinal studies and standardized methodological approaches to facilitate clinical implementation.

کلیدواژه ها:

Alzheimer's Disease ، Spectroscopy ، Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ، Early Diagnosis ، Biomarkers