Ballast Water Filtration Methods: A Comparative Review with Emphasis on Ultrasound Technology and Its Environmental and Economic Impacts

The global transfer of ballast water is a leading vector for the introduction of invasive aquatic species, threatening marine biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and coastal economies. In response, international regulatory frameworks—particularly the IMO Ballast Water Management Convention—have mandated the implementation of effective treatment systems to prevent biological invasions. This review presents a comparative analysis of commonly applied ballast water treatment technologies, including mechanical filtration, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, chemical biocides, and emerging biological methods. Special attention is given to ultrasonic filtration, a non-chemical method that utilizes high-frequency acoustic waves to disrupt or eliminate planktonic organisms and microbial contaminants. Ultrasound-based systems offer several advantages, including eco-friendliness, reduced toxic byproducts, and compatibility with hybrid treatment approaches. However, challenges such as limited penetration depth, high energy demands, and system maintenance costs limit their standalone application. This paper further evaluates the environmental and economic trade-offs among these technologies, emphasizing the potential of ultrasonic systems as part of integrated and sustainable ballast water management strategies. By synthesizing recent findings and technical insights, this review contributes to a more informed selection and optimization of treatment technologies for global maritime operations.

کلیدواژه ها:

Ballast water treatment ، Ultrasound technology ، Invasive aquatic species ، Marine biosecurity ، IMO regulations