Stem Cell, Tissue Engineering, and Regenerative Medicine: Basic and Clinical Aspects

Background and Aim: Stem cell-based regenerative medicine has emerged as a transformative strategy to overcome the critical shortage of donor tissues and organs and to address degenerative and chronic diseases. This review synthesized recent advances in the application of embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells across neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, and other major organ systems, with a focus on preclinical and clinical evidence supporting their therapeutic potential. Materials and Methods: This review analyzed the current scientific literature, highlighting key technological enablers, such as ۳D and ۴D bioprinting, biomaterial scaffolds, and microfluidic organ-on-a-chip platforms that are driving the development of functional tissue constructs and enhancing disease modeling and drug screening. Results: Major trends identified included the successful differentiation of iPSCs into disease-relevant cell types for personalized therapies, the paracrine-mediated repair mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells, and the growing feasibility of engineering vascularized, complex tissues through advanced biofabrication techniques. Despite significant progress, challenges in vascular integration, long-term engraftment, immune compatibility, and clinical reproducibility remain critical barriers to translation. Conclusion: This review underscores the importance of standardizing cell sources, delivery protocols, and functional assessment methods, and calls for future research to focus on scalable manufacturing, smart biomaterials, and robust preclinical models. By integrating biological insights with engineering innovations, this field is poised to accelerate the clinical realization of regenerative therapies.

کلیدواژه ها:

Stem cell ، Tissue engineering ، Cell therapy ، Bioprinting ، Scaffold