The Impact of Genetic Variations on Immune Dysregulation and Inflammatory Response in Pneumonia

Introduction: Pneumonia remains an important medical issue, associated with various illnesses and deaths, and is strongly dependent on host defense mechanisms. Polymorphisms in immune-regulating genes may affect the production and secretion of certain cytokines, thereby increasing the inflammatory response during an infection. This study aimed to establish the association between inflammatory cytokines, immune-related polymorphisms, and inflammatory marker expression in patients with pneumonia.Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-two patients with pneumonia and thirty healthy controls were enrolled at Baghdad Medical City Teaching Hospital from March to August ۲۰۲۵. Their serum cytokine and inflammatory marker levels were determined using ELISA. Polymorphisms in the genes IL۶, IL۱۰, TLR۴, NLRP۳, IFN-γ, and CRP were studied using PCR and qPCR.Results: Pneumonia patients (n = ۱۲۲) had significantly increased IL-۶ (۱۱۸.۴ ± ۳۵.۷ vs. ۱۶.۲ ± ۵.۹ pg/ml), TNF-α (۹۲.۵ ± ۲۸.۶ vs. ۱۴.۸ ± ۴.۵ pg/ml), and CRP levels (۷۶.۲ ± ۲۰.۵ vs. ۶.۱ ± ۳.۰ mg/L) compared to controls (n = ۳۰; all p < ۰.۰۰۱) and negative correlations between these mediators and IL-۱۰ (r = -۰.۴۵).Conclusions: The immune and inflammatory responses in the patients' bodies are shown to become extensively unregulated and overactive as a result of IL۶ and TLR۴ cytokine expression and production, which are directly related to the severity of pneumonia.

کلیدواژه ها:

Pneumonia ، Immune response ، Inflammation ، Cytokines ، Polymorphism