Environmental and Economic Optimization of Light Freight Logistics in Tehran's Dense Urban Areas: A Battery Swapping and Hub-and-Spoke Approach

Light freight logistics in dense metropolises like Tehran face critical challenges, including severe air pollution, chronic traffic congestion, and the operational inefficiency of traditional point-to-point (P۲P) distribution models. This research proposes an innovative operational framework for light freight logistics using Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs) integrated with a Hub-and-Spoke structure and Battery Swapping System (BSS) technology. The primary innovation lies in the development of an Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Battery Swapping Stations (VRPBSS) algorithm, coupled with a hub-based batching strategy for parcel consolidation. This dual approach effectively eliminates the "charging downtime" barrier by reducing rider energy-recovery time to less than one minute. Functional simulations tailored to Tehran's central districts demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a ۱۰۰% removal of local tailpipe emissions while facilitating a ۳۵% average increase in parcel delivery throughput per shift. Furthermore, the transition results in a ۷۵% reduction in energy-related expenditures compared to internal combustion engine fleets. These findings confirm that the synergy between BSS technology and optimized routing provides a scalable and economically viable roadmap for sustainable urban distribution in hyper-dense environments.

کلیدواژه ها:

Urban Logistics ، Electric Motorcycle ، Battery Swapping ، Sustainability ، Hub-and-Spoke ، VRPBSSU