Artificial Intelligence in Education, Healthcare, and Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Review and Comparative Analysis

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming education, healthcare, and smart cities through personalized learning systems, precise diagnostics, and urban optimization. This comprehensive review, current as of early ۲۰۲۶, synthesizes advancements from ۲۰۲۳–۲۰۲۵ and emerging ۲۰۲۶ trends, drawing from the Stanford ۲۰۲۵ AI Index Report, Wolters Kluwer insights, OECD reports, and over ۲۵۰ sources including systematic reviews and empirical studies. In education, AI-driven adaptive platforms, generative AI (GenAI), and intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) boost student outcomes by ۲۰–۵۰%, with ۲۰۲۶ trends emphasizing AI literacy integration, experiential learning via VR/AR, and competency-based models to address skill gaps. Healthcare applications achieve ۹۰–۹۹% diagnostic accuracy, with GenAI copilots reducing clinician burnout and emerging agentic/physical AI enhancing autonomy and robotics. Smart cities leverage digital twins and IoT-AI hybrids for ۱۵–۴۰% efficiency gains in mobility, energy management, and urban resilience. Comparative analysis highlights synergies in predictive modeling but domain-specific challenges: equity and digital divides in education, privacy and governance in healthcare, and scalability and surveillance in smart cities. Ethical issues—including bias, transparency, fairness, and declining model transparency (averaging ۴۰/۱۰۰ in ۲۰۲۵)—persist. Future directions prioritize responsible governance, human-centered design, and alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This evidence-based review provides insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.

کلیدواژه ها:

Artificial Intelligence ، Generative AI ، Education Technology ، Healthcare AI ، Smart Cities