Exploring the ۸Ps of Creativity in CALL Materials: The Case of Duolingo, Busuu, and HelloTalk

Given the due attention to creativity is a key factor in effective second or foreign language (L۲) teaching and learning, especially when technology plays a role. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of creativity within Duolingo, Busuu, and HelloTalk—three of the most widely used language learning applications. Following a basic content analysis, we collected the data for analysis based on the activities, tasks, and practices that the three applications provided at the elementary level. We followed a descriptive and deductive design to conduct the basic content analysis to analyze the data. The findings revealed that Duolingo's attractive environment enhances learner engagement and encourages the selection of effective thinking processes, resulting in more tangible and creative outcomes. Moreover, Duolingo fosters creativity in learners by creating an engaging environment and offering constructive feedback while also considering individual personalities to help achieve creative goals. In Busuu, it was found that fostering an engaging environment and offering constructive feedback enhances creativity, while the nature of tasks influences the selection of cognitive mechanisms leading to more innovative results. HelloTalk displayed a more balanced distribution across press, person, propulsion, purpose, public, product, and process. It shows that HelloTalk tends to promote creativity more holistically and comprehensively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the gateway to creativity is the environment of CALL applications.

کلیدواژه ها:

creativity ، CALL ، ۸Ps of Creativity ، Duolingo ، Busuu