Younger or Later Starters? A Systematic Review of Age of Onset and Ultimate Attainment in Second Language Learning

This research aims to investigate the complexity of language learning over time by examining the effect of age on second language learning using a systematic approach. This research reviews existing studies, examines how age affects second language learning, and relates this topic to the ‘critical period hypothesis’. The review clearly shows that early exposure to a second language usually results in superior language skills. However, it also highlights complexities, indicating that factors such as cognitive maturity, motivation, and social context have a significant impact on SLA outcomes. Although younger students frequently reach proficiency to native speakers, older learners can acquire more sophisticated language abilities by utilizing learning strategies and motivation effectively. Moreover, the research emphasized the significance of beginning second language learning at an early age and advocated for policy measures to promote linguistic diversity across all age groups. In addition, this analysis indicates a lack of significant empirical evidence regarding longitudinal studies on language proficiency transitions. The findings may guide future research and help to better understand the complex relationships among age, context, and language learning.

کلیدواژه ها:

Age of Onset ، Critical Period Hypothesis ، Language Acquisition ، Second Language Learning