Hierarchical Nested Cascade Control Framework for Enhanced Energy Management in Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This study proposes a hierarchical nested cascade control framework to enhance voltage regulation and current management in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs). The architecture addresses limitations of conventional cascade control by reducing design complexity and improving resilience under dynamic and uncertain conditions. It integrates three coordinated layers: an outer control level (OCL) employing an adaptive proportional–integral controller for DC bus voltage regulation, and two internal layers, middle (MCL) and inner (ICL), implemented via backstepping controllers for precise current control of fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. By combining nonlinear control with model reference adaptive control, the system dynamically tunes parameters to maintain voltage stability across variable load profiles. Simulations using the WLTC-Class ۳ cycle show that the proposed strategy (Case ۱) achieves superior battery sustainability, with a final SOC of ۷۴.۲%, compared to ۷۱% and ۷۲.۵% in benchmark strategies (Cases ۲ and ۳). Under battery aging (۲۰% increased resistance, ۱۵% reduced capacity), DC bus voltage remains within ±۳.۵ V of the ۳۸۰ V reference, with only ۱۸% ripple increase and ۰.۸% additional SOC depletion. A resilience index of ۹۶.۵% confirms robustness, outperforming benchmarks (۸۴.۲%, ۸۹.۷%). To further validate performance under real-world urban conditions, date-specific driving cycles tailored for Shiraz city were employed. Results confirm the framework’s effectiveness in sustaining stability, efficiency, and scalability for next-generation FCHEV energy systems.

کلیدواژه ها:

Adaptive proportional–integral controller ، Backstepping controller ، Energy management system ، Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) ، Hierarchical nested cascade control