Iron Oxide–Incorporated Graphene–TiO_₂ Multifunctional Nanostructures for High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: A Review

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged as a promising renewable energy technology over the past two decades; yet, their widespread application is hindered by issues of efficiency and stability. As the primary electron transport medium, the photoanode is a critical component that dictates the overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a DSSC. To overcome the limitations of conventional titanium dioxide (TiO۲​) photoanodes, researchers have explored incorporating various nanostructures. This review highlights recent advancements in using iron oxide-graphene-TiO۲​ nanocomposites as a multifunctional photoanode materials. It explores the synergistic effects among the components: iron oxide extends the photoanode’s light absorption into the visible spectrum, graphene enhances electron transport, and TiO۲ provides structural integrity and primary photoactivity. Various synthesis and characterization techniques are reviewed, which were used to create these composites and discuss their direct impact on the composites’ properties and performance. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in optimizing synthesis strategies, improving scalability, and ensuring long-term stability. Ultimately, this review demonstrates the immense potential of iron oxide-graphene-TiO۲​ nanocomposites for creating high-efficiency DSSCs, highlighting both their promise and the key challenges that must be addressed for future development.

کلیدواژه ها:

Dye-sensitized solar cells ، Photoanode ، Nanocomposite ، high-efficiency ، Multifunctional