Extracellular Vesicles in Small Animal Reproduction: Current Insights and Future Directions for Fertility Preservation and Assisted Breeding

Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted by diverse cell types across species, act as intercellular messengers by transporting bioactive molecules through bodily fluids. They regulate key reproductive functions, including gamete maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development. By modulating inflammation, cellular communication, and vascular remodeling, EVs also influence placental physiology and serve as promising non-invasive biomarkers for reproductive health assessment. Methods: A comprehensive literature review (۲۰۰۵-۲۰۲۵) was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed research on the roles and functions of extracellular vesicles in animal reproduction. Results: EVs are crucial for reproductive health, aiding in diagnostics and treatments for fertility issues and pregnancy complications. Released by the placenta, EVs help regulate immune responses and support pregnancy by carrying microRNAs and proteins. Their diagnostic value depends on their concentration and molecular content in the blood. EVs also play a role in male fertility, highlighting their broad influence on reproductive success. Conclusion: EVs support male gamete function, interact with female reproductive tract cells, are involved in pregnancy, and may act as regulators of male reproductive success.

کلیدواژه ها:

Embryos ، Extracellular Vesicles ، Sperm ، Oocyte ، Fertility ، Reproductive Biology