Clinical Management of Snake envenomation in a Mixed-Breed Dog: A Case Report

Background: Snake envenomation is an important veterinary emergency that can lead to severe local tissue injury, systemic toxicity, and potentially life-threatening complications in dogs. Early recognition and prompt management are critical to improve clinical outcomes. This case report aims to describe the presentation, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic approach for a dog following a snake bite incident. Methods: A ۲-year-old, ۲۲ kg, female mixed-breed dog was presented approximately ۵ hours after a snake bite incident. The owner had administered a traditional remedy (burnt opium) prior to referral. On clinical examination, the dog was bright and alert with stable vital parameters (T = ۳۸.۱°C, HR = ۱۰۸ bpm, RR = ۴۰ bpm). Mucous membranes were pale pink and capillary refill time was slightly prolonged. A marked localized swelling and edema was observed in the submandibular region, consistent with localized venom reaction. Fang marks were not clearly identified. Pain on palpation was not recorded. No signs of coagulopathy such as petechiae, ecchymosis, or hematuria were observed. Complete blood count revealed monocytosis, while other hematological parameters were reportedly within normal limits. Serum biochemistry and coagulation profile (PT/aPTT) were not performed due to financial limitation. Imaging diagnostics (radiography/ultrasound) were considered unnecessary at presentation due to localized involvement. Results: Supportive therapy included isotonic fluid therapy (Normal Saline ۳۰mL/kg IV), dexamethasone (۰-۲ mg/kg IV), and vitamin K (۲.۵ mg/kg IM). Vitamin K was administered prophylactically to address potential coagulopathy from snake venom, and dexamethasone was used to reduce local inflammation and edema from the venom reaction. Broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage was initiated to prevent secondary wound infection using ceftriaxone (۳۰ mg/kg IV q۲۴h) and clindamycin (۱۰ mg/kg IV q۱۲h) for ۳ days. antivenom therapy was not administered due to unavailability and financial limitation. The patient exhibited gradual improvement in edema and was discharged the same day in stable condition. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the importance of rapid supportive care and infection control in managing snake bites in dogs especially in regions where antivenom availability is limited.