Applications of Nanotechnology and Nanovaccines in Managing Zoonotic Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Evidence from Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis and Brucellosis

Background: As one of the most advanced technologies of the modern era, nanotechnology has revolutionized the medical sciences, and nanomaterials are established as powerful tools for detecting, preventing, and treating diseases, leveraging their distinguishing features, such as high surface-to-volume ratios, biocompatibility, and specific targeting capabilities. Among the most significant applications of this technology are the preparation and design of nanovaccines, which use nanocarriers to facilitate antigen presentation to the immune system and promote a sustained, robust immune response. This systematic review examines the available evidence on the role of nanotechnology in developing new diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccine strategies for those zoonotic diseases. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol. The search was conducted across reliable, extensive scientific databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, using predefined keywords, such as nanotechnology, nanovaccine, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, brucellosis and their combinations. This search strategy was designed to cover all articles published from January ۲۰۱۸ to August ۲۰۲۵. Results: In this systematic review, ۲۱ original papers were selected, demonstrating that nanovaccines are a practical approach for modulating zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis, salmonellosis and leptospirosis. Nanovaccines, which are liposomal and polymeric carrier-based bioproducts, release antigen in a prolonged manner and induce a long-lasting and robust immune response. Besides inducing specific antibody and cell responses, these systems reduce side effects and can ensure long-lasting safety. The results demonstrate that nanovaccines, through enhanced antigen presentation and targeted immune activation, support robust, balanced humoral and cellular immunity and enable multi-use vaccine preparation. Unlike traditional vaccines nanovaccine technology is stable and independent of cold-chain requirements offering a cost advantage in less developed countries and developing regions. Conclusion: Despite challenges such as manufacturing costs, quality control benchmarks, and scalability, further investment in scientific and clinical research could unlock the full potential of nanovaccines in veterinary medicine and public health.

کلیدواژه ها:

Nanotechnology ، Nanovaccine ، Leptospirosis ، Salmonellosis ، Brucellosis