Urinary obstruction caused by calcium oxalate deposits in a male cat: A case report.

Background: A significant prevalence of renal disease and calcium oxalate (CaOx) urinary stones is observed in cats. Kidney stones are a condition where stones form in the urinary tract from organic or inorganic compounds. In cats, primary stones can consist of calcium oxalate monohydrate or dihydrate and struvite. In reviewed reports, urinary calcium oxalate stones in cats are often caused by dietary changes. An important factor in the formation of CaOx urinary stones is the urinary concentration of calcium and oxalate, and there is a link between different dietary components and the factors that contribute to CaOx urinary stones. Dietary components can influence urine volume, urinary oxalate excretion, urinary calcium excretion, urinary pH (acidosis), and levels of urinary citrate and GAG. Dietary factors examined include moisture content, protein, carbohydrate, fibre, and fat, as well as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride, along with the potential for urine acidification. Methods: A ۵-year-old male Persian cat was taken to a veterinary clinic in eastern Tehran with symptoms such as frequent urination, multiple visits to the litter box, pain, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, and an absence of urination. During a general examination, the vet observed significant bladder distension and, following severe pain in the genital area, suspected urethral obstruction. Acepromazine was administered intramuscularly at a dose of ۰.۰۵ mg/kg as a sedative. The genital area was then anaesthetised with lidocaine, and the urethra was promptly catheterised and opened. There was a severe obstruction of the urethra caused by urinary and crystal deposits, which was relieved after several attempts, with the excretion of completely pink and cloudy urine containing blood and large crystal fragments. The urinary catheter was secured to the prepuce with sutures, and the bladder was drained through serum therapy and flushed multiple times. After an ultrasound scan revealed severe sediment and urinary tract stones, the case was urgently referred to the surgical department. Pre-anaesthetic medication was administered, and by gradually increasing the depth of anaesthesia, the abdominal area was opened with a ۱ cm incision. A urethrostomy of the urethra and a cystostomy due to the bladder stone were performed.