A review of ivermectin poisoning in goats and its treatment strategies: a review study

Background: Ivermectin is an antiparasitic from the avermectin group that induces paralysis and death in parasites by increasing cell membrane permeability to chloride ions. Its structure is a large macrocyclic lactone. Ivermectin is widely used in goats for parasite control, but high doses may cause neurotoxicity. Clinical signs of toxicity include paralysis, muscle weakness, tremors, visual disturbances, and in severe cases, death. These findings underscore the importance of accurate dosing and careful clinical monitoring. The recommended therapeutic dose for goats is ۰.۳ mg/kg. Methods: The literature search was conducted using the keywords “ivermectin” and “goat” and “toxicity.” Databases and sources included Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, the Merck Veterinary Manual (۲۰۲۰), and Campbell WC (۲۰۱۲). A total of ۶۳ scientific articles published between ۱۹۹۳ and ۲۰۲۵ were initially identified. Of these, ۳۵ articles were excluded based on irrelevance to the predefined inclusion criteria. The remaining ۲۰ in vivo studies investigated the effects of ivermectin in goats. The collected data were analyzed to summarize both the therapeutic efficacy and potential neurotoxic risks of ivermectin. Results: Analysis of reported ivermectin toxicosis in goats showed that neurologic signs—such as ataxia, tremor, and blindness were most frequent. Elevated liver enzymes (AST, ALT) were common, indicating hepatic stress. Toxic doses ranged from ۰.۶ to ۱۰ mg/kg, with Nigerian Dwarf goats being most sensitive. Use of IV lipid emulsion (ILE) improved survival to about ۷۰%, highlighting its therapeutic importance. Conclusion: Ivermectin is effective for parasite control in goats, but its narrow safety margin highlights the need for precise dosing and monitoring.

کلیدواژه ها:

Ivermectin ، Goat ، Neurotoxicity ، Antiparasitic ، Pharmacokinetics