Biomarkers in Early Diagnosis of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases in Small Animals: A Systematic Review

Background: The ability to identify diseases early on is necessary to improve clinical results and develop translational veterinary medicine. Methods: This systematic review intends to find and consolidate the existing body of evidence involving non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of infectious, neoplastic and neurodegenerative diseases in dogs. To fetch literature, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar indexed for the period literature from the years ۲۰۱۵ to ۲۰۲۵. The search fetched ۵۸۴ articles of which ۴۹ were reviewed in full text and ۸ original studies were included. Results: Eligible studies examined biomarkers of different types, including molecular, metabolic, oxidative and imaging, using several instrumental techniques of LC-MS metabolomics, Raman spectroscopy, qRT-PCR, ELISA and radiomics based machine learning. The results suggested a compelling shift toward non-invasive methods for diagnosis, utilizing plasma, serum, urine and imaging to capture early molecular changes that signal the onset of the disease. Conclusion: Diverse disease types displayed similar mechanistic pathways, with inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation. Also, the combination of omics technologies and AI positively affected the precision of the diagnosis and the discovery of additional biomarkers. In summary, mpof highly advanced Veterinary medicine with considerable impact on human medicine.

کلیدواژه ها:

Biomarkers ، Early diagnosis ، Dogs ، Metabolomics ، Radiomics