Emerging Zoonotic Bartonella Spp. Infections: A One Health Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Control Strategies

Background: Current zoonoses caused by Bartonella Spp. are of increasing concern because of their complex transmission dynamics, intracellular survival capacity, and undetectable status. This review examines whether and how comprehensive approaches, characterized by the integration of molecular diagnosis, compatibility of human and animal surveillance, vector control measures, and public awareness, can overcome the current barriers to early detection and subsequent effective treatment of bartonella spp. Methods: This narrative review analyzed peer-reviewed literature on bartonella infections, with an emphasis on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, and control measures. The studies were chosen based on their applicability to the One Health framework and zoonotic transmission. Multidisciplinary control models, host-pathogen interaction, and molecular diagnosis were highlighted. Results: Prolonged bacteremia, immunodeficiency, and endothelial tropism are characteristics of bartonella spp. that lead to chronic infection. From asymptomatic cases to severe illnesses like endocarditis and neuroretinitis, clinical presentations can vary widely. While molecular diagnosis and serological testing provide more accuracy, conventional cultivation techniques are constrained by slow growth and low sensitivity. Multimodal strategies that include public education, veterinary surveillance, and vector control have been found to be effective in lowering the spread of zoonotic diseases. Although further data is required, these have theoretical significance for integrated disease control. Conclusion: The review examines whether comprehensive strategies such as the integration of molecular diagnosis, joint surveillance of humans and animals, vector control, and public education can help overcome the current obstacles to early detection and effective treatment of bartonella infections, and how these approaches could be implemented.

کلیدواژه ها:

Bartonella Spp. ، Endothelial Tropism ، Molecular Diagnostics ، One Health ، Zoonotic Transmission