Microbiome–Immune Interactions in Poultry Vaccination: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Applications

Vaccinations play a vital role in the management of avian diseases; nonetheless, their effectiveness differs across various breeds, pathogens, and rearing practices. A recent study indicates that microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract and pulmonary system significantly influence these outcomes. This study investigates the relationship between microbiome science and poultry immunization, reviewing current evidence and potential future advancements. The literature includes experiments, genetic lineage analyses, and reviews that investigate the interaction between microbiota and the immune system. The results demonstrate that early-life microbial exposure modifies immune system development, thereby affecting factors that influence vaccine efficacy. Vaccinations have the potential to modify microbial communities. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) models demonstrated diminished diversity and specific immune-microbiome interactions related to individual strains. Understanding processes contributes to clarifying microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and metabolites like butyrate and indole derivatives, which support the body's defense modulation and the production of mucosal IgA responses. Interventions such as probiotics, synbiotics, in ovo supplementation, and microbial ligands can function as microbiome-aware adjuvants, frequently enhancing antibody levels and reducing pathogen shedding. The genetics, dietary practices, and management strategies of the hosts further influence these interactions, complicating predictions of future outcomes. The microbiota may act as a marker for vaccine efficacy and improve its effectiveness. This information has the potential to improve vaccination strategies; however, it must be executed in accordance with established protocols, incorporate various data sources, and demonstrate efficacy on a broad scale prior to its safe application in poultry production.

کلیدواژه ها:

Vaccine efficacy ، gastrointestinal microbiota ، immune–microbiome interactions ، probiotics ، synbiotics ، poultry vaccination