Green Buildings and Sustainable Architectural Design: A Multinational Review with Comparative Energy Performance Analysis

This review investigates recent advances in green building and sustainable architecture by synthesizing findings from five scholarly sources in English, German, French, and Italian. The study aims to identify effective strategies for improving energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, and enhancing urban environmental quality. Methods include comparative analysis of multinational case studies, focusing on the integration of digital tools, energy-efficient materials, and regulatory frameworks. Key technologies examined are Building Information Modeling (BIM), smart IoT systems, and passive design strategies. Case studies such as Bosco Verticale in Italy, energy-positive projects in Germany, and award-winning designs in France are analyzed to assess energy performance using standardized estimation metrics. A detailed energy comparison is provided in Tab.۱, showing estimated energy savings and calculation approaches for each project. Results indicate that combining sustainable materials, advanced digital tools, and regulatory incentives leads to significant reductions in operational energy consumption—ranging from ۱۵–۴۰% across different contexts—while also improving urban microclimates and biodiversity. Challenges identified include high initial costs, fragmented international standards, and knowledge gaps among practitioners. The review highlights best practices and offers recommendations for achieving zero-energy and low-carbon building objectives. By providing a comparative energy performance evaluation, this study offers transferable insights for architects, policymakers, and researchers seeking to implement sustainable building strategies globally.

کلیدواژه ها:

Green Buildings ، Sustainable Architecture ، Energy Efficiency ، BIM ، Zero-Energy Buildings