Pharmaceutical formulations of donepezil: From dosage forms to nanotechnology-based delivery systems

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most important healthcare challenges, with donepezil (DZP) serving as its symptomatic therapy. However, the clinical usefulness of this acetylcholinesterase inhibitor is usually challenged by gastrointestinal adverse effects, low permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and patients'' daily adherence. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of DZP formulation advancement, from immediate-release dosage forms to nano-delivery. In addition to orally disintegrating films and nanofibers, the article critically evaluates the chemistry and clinical potential of long-acting injectable depots, which promise monthly dosing to stabilize plasma levels and decrease caregiver burden. Beyond parenteral routes, we also explore the non-invasive delivery methods, including nose-to-brain targeting via nanocarriers and the use of dissolving microneedle patches for transdermal administration. By dissecting the physicochemical barriers, manufacturing challenges, and recent translational successes, this review illustrates how formulation science is not only refining an existing drug but also reshaping the therapeutic landscape to a safe, effective, and reliable management of dementia.

کلیدواژه ها:

Alzheimer's disease ، Drug delivery systems ، Nanotechnology ، Transdermal delivery ، Intranasal Delivery