Evaluation of the performance of different nitrate removal methods from groundwater

Pollution in any form has always been a concern for humans. If the pollution occurs in an inseparable part of his life this will lead to generational crises. On the other hand, measuring groundwater contamination levels or distinguishing contamination is naturally more difficult compared to other water resources. One of the most crucial and abundant form of water contamination is nitrate which is an ion of oxygen and nitrogen that mostly is added to soil through agricultural applications. This causes massive health issues for any living creatures. Water treatment has been applied for years and our ancestors had their own traditional ways for this. Nowadays, depending on the type of contamination, there are various water treatment options as well. Removal methods include on-site and off-site treatment, biological and physiological process. Carbon appears to be a suitable solution for this issue that can be added to water in different ways. In this essay, a narrative review provided on all the nitrate removal methods ranging from direct to indirect methods. Additionally, influential environment factors such as dissolved oxygen pH, temperature, mineral materials, encounter time, adsorption capacity are discussed. Finally, biological heterotroph has introduced as the efficient solution while surface adsorption has considered as the most economical solution.

کلیدواژه ها:

water contamination ، groundwater ، Nitrate removal ، groundwater contamination ، activate carbon ، surface adsorption ، autotroph heterotroph ، ion exchange