An In-depth Look at the Types of Batteries design and simulations Used in the Transportation Industry

Electrification across road, rail, marine, and short‑range aviation is reshaping transportation, with battery design and simulation at the core of performance, safety, and cost. This paper presents an in‑depth review of battery types and modeling workflows used in the transportation industry. We compare cell chemistries—lead–acid, nickel–metal hydride, and lithium‑ion families (LFP, NMC/NCA)—alongside emerging solid‑state and sodium‑ion options, mapping their trade‑offs to duty cycles and platforms. At the design level, we examine cell‑to‑pack engineering, including materials, form factors (cylindrical, prismatic, pouch), module and pack topology, battery management systems, thermal management, and safety mechanisms for abuse conditions. On the simulation side, we outline a model hierarchy: (i) reduced‑order equivalent‑circuit models for control, energy prediction, and on‑board diagnostics; (ii) physics‑based electrochemical–thermal models for fast‑charge and degradation studies; and (iii) CFD/FEA tools for cooling architecture and structural integrity, co‑simulated with representative drive cycles (e.g., WLTP/UDDS) and extreme ambient scenarios. We synthesize literature into a normalized metric set (Wh/kg, Wh/L, W/kg, $/kWh, cycle/calendar life, fast‑charge capability, thermal runaway tolerance) and show how LFP suits buses/rail for longevity and safety, NMC/NCA enables long‑range passenger cars, NiMH remains viable for HEVs, and solid‑state holds promise for aviation pending scale‑up. Contributions are: a unified taxonomy and decision framework, a reference simulation workflow, and identified gaps in aging models, data sharing, and digital‑twin validation—aimed at accelerating safe, cost‑effective electrification.

کلیدواژه ها:

Transportation electrification ، Battery design ، Electrochemical modeling ، Thermal management ، Digital twin ، Lithium‑ion (LFP/NMC) ، Solid‑state batteries ، Simulation workflow