Investigation of the concentration of chemical compounds in toys

This study was conducted to investigate the concentration of hazardous chemical compounds in children's toys available in Iran, addressing a significant data gap in regional market surveillance and the associated health risks for a vulnerable population. Using a stratified random sampling approach, ۱۲۰ toys categorized as plastic, painted wood, rubber, and plush were collected from retail and online sources. Samples were analyzed via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for heavy metals and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for organic compounds, including phthalates and flame retardants. The results identified clear material-specific contamination patterns. Rubber toys presented the highest concentrations of phthalates, with di(۲-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exceeding the European Union safety limit in ۶۶.۷% of samples. Painted wood toys showed elevated levels of lead and chromium, exceeding limits in ۲۳.۳% and ۳۰.۰% of samples, respectively. In contrast, plush toys demonstrated negligible chemical burdens. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between material categories, and a quantitative risk assessment indicated a potential health hazard (Hazard Quotient > ۱) from exposure to lead in painted wood and DEHP in rubber toys. The conclusion underscores an urgent need for enhanced regulatory enforcement, focusing on high-risk material categories, alongside policies promoting supply chain transparency and the adoption of safer alternative materials in toy manufacturing to protect children's health.

کلیدواژه ها:

Chemical exposure ، children's health ، GC-MS analysis ، heavy metals ، phthalates ، Toy safety