Fundamentals and Applications of Nanoparticles: Classification, Properties, and Characterization For Biologists

Nanomaterials, particularly nanoparticles, have gained significant attention in recent decades due to their unique physicochemical properties compared to bulk materials. These exceptional characteristics have led to groundbreaking applications in medicine, electronics, agriculture, catalysis, and the food industry. Recently, biological synthesis using plants and microorganisms has emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical and physical methods, reducing costs and environmental impact. This article explores nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, and characterization techniques. It highlights key differences between nanomaterials and bulk materials while providing an overview of various analytical methods. Additionally, examples of biologically synthesized nanoparticles and their applications across different industries are discussed to guide researchers in selecting suitable methodologies for their studies.

کلیدواژه ها:

Nanomaterials ، Metal nanoparticles ، Biogenic nanoparticles ، Bionanoparticles ، Nanobiotechnology ، Characterization of nanomaterials