A Holistic Framework for Enhanced Oil Recovery: Integrating Fundamental Mechanisms, Global Practices, and Wellbore Performance Analysis

The global energy landscape is defined by a critical challenge: while demand continues to escalate, a staggering proportion of original oil in place (OOIP) remains stranded in reservoirs after conventional production. Estimates suggest nearly two trillion barrels of conventional oil and five trillion barrels of heavy oil are left behind [۱]. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) encompasses a suite of advanced techniques designed to mobilize this residual, capillary-trapped, or immobile oil, thereby increasing the ultimate recovery factor. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth examination of EOR technologies, delineating them from the broader context of Improved Oil Recovery (IOR). It thoroughly explores the fundamental physics governing residual oil mobilization, namely the Capillary Number and Mobility Ratio, with detailed mathematical formulations and practical implications. A systematic classification and critical analysis of both thermal and non-thermal EOR methods are presented, evaluating their underlying mechanisms, field applications, commercial success stories, and inherent limitations. The current global status of EOR production is reviewed through statistical data and case studies, highlighting the geographical distribution and technological dominance of various methods. Complementing this review, a dedicated case study employs PIPESIM software to quantitatively analyze the impact of formation damage (skin) on well performance. This analysis demonstrates how near-wellbore permeability impairment significantly reduces productivity, underscoring the critical need for skin mitigation to maximize the efficiency of EOR operations. Finally, the paper discusses emerging trends and future directions, emphasizing the crucial role of technological innovation, hybrid methods, digitalization, and the growing integration of EOR with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in securing sustainable energy supply while addressing environmental concerns.

کلیدواژه ها:

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) ، Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) ، Formation Damage ، Skin Effect ، Nodal Analysis ، PIPESIM