Eco-Friendly Fuelling of Diesel Engines: A Study of Graphene-Enhanced Biodiesel Blends from Waste Cooking Oil

The study evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of a water-cooled compression ignition engine operating on four fuel variants: conventional diesel, B۱۵D۸۵ (a blend of ۱۵% biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil and ۸۵% diesel), and two nanoparticle-enhanced blends, B۱۵D۸۵G۸۵ and B۱۵D۸۵G۹۰, containing ۸۵ ppm and ۹۰ ppm of graphene nanoparticles, respectively. Key performance parameters, including BTE, and critical exhaust emissions such as CO, CO₂, NOₓ, UHC, and smoke, were systematically analyzed. The incorporation of biodiesel and graphene nanoparticles led to a noticeable increase in engine performance. BTE improvements of ۳۳.۳۷%, ۲۹.۵%, and ۲.۸% were recorded for B۱۵D۸۵, B۱۵D۸۵G۸۵, and B۱۵D۸۵G۹۰, respectively, relative to baseline diesel. Emission analysis indicated substantial reductions across all pollutant categories. CO emissions were reduced by ۳۶.۹۶% for B۱۵D۸۵, while CO₂ emissions declined by ۱.۶۶%, ۳۰.۷۷%, and ۲۵.۰۲% for B۱۵D۸۵, B۱۵D۸۵G۸۵, and B۱۵D۸۵G۹۰, respectively. Significant NOₓ mitigation was achieved, with reductions of ۲۳.۸۱%, ۴۵.۲۳%, and ۲۸.۵۷%. UHC emissions similarly declined by ۲۳.۸۱%, ۲۸.۵۷%, and ۴۵.۲۳%, and smoke was lowered by ۷.۲۷%, ۲۰%, and ۲۹.۰۹% for the three blends. Combustion diagnostics revealed that the presence of graphene nanoparticles enhances combustion efficiency, as evidenced by increased cylinder pressure. Specifically, cylinder pressure rose by approximately ۲.۰۱% and ۳% for B۱۵D۸۵G۸۵ and B۱۵D۸۵G۹۰, respectively, compared to diesel. A marginal increase in peak cylinder temperature was also observed in the nanoparticle-infused blends, suggesting more complete combustion. Findings suggest that graphene nanoparticle-enriched biodiesel–diesel blends hold considerable promise as alternative fuels for reducing harmful emissions while sustaining or enhancing engine performance in compression ignition engines.

کلیدواژه ها:

Engine ، Biodiesel ، Waste cooking oil ، Graphene nanoparticles ، Emission ، performances