State of the art on traditional medicine interventions for airborne respiratory system-related zoonotic diseases

Airborne diseases in horses encompass both non-infectious inflammatory conditions and infectious diseases caused by airborne pathogens. Understanding these diseases is vital for maintaining equine health and performance. Common non-infectious conditions include Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD) and Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO), which are linked to exposure to airborne irritants in stables. These diseases arise from contact with organic dust and noxious gases, leading to airway inflammation and respiratory distress. Symptoms such as coughing, nasal discharge, and exercise intolerance significantly impact performance across various equine disciplines. Rhodococcus equi is a notable pathogen responsible for pneumonia in foals, primarily transmitted through inhalation of contaminated dust. Studies have shown that airborne concentrations of virulent R. equi are higher in stables compared to paddocks, correlating with increased disease prevalence. Other critical airborne diseases include Equine Influenza and Streptococcus equi, characterized by acute respiratory symptoms and high contagion rates. While airborne diseases pose significant risks to equine health, effective management strategies can mitigate these threats. These strategies include improving air quality, utilizing safe drugs, and implementing vaccination programs. However, challenges remain in ensuring consistent monitoring and control measures across various environments. Integrating traditional medicine interventions may offer additional avenues for addressing these diseases, highlighting the importance of exploring both conventional and alternative treatment options. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of airborne respiratory diseases in horses is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies, ultimately enhancing equine health and performance in diverse settings

کلیدواژه ها:

traditional medicine ، Respiratory infections ، Airborne ، Pathogen ، Horse