Comprehensive Molecular and Metabolic Mechanisms of Selected Neuroantioxidant Compounds from Moringa, Ginger, and Guarana in Advanced Energy Drink Formulations for Optimizing Neuronal and Muscular Function with Dose-Dependent Toxicity

This study presents a comprehensive molecular and metabolic investigation into the neuroantioxidant compounds derived from Moringa oleifera, Zingiber officinale (ginger), and Paullinia cupana (guarana) incorporated into advanced energy drink formulations. The primary objective is to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying neuroprotection and enhancement of musculoskeletal function with particular emphasis on the modulation of signaling pathways including Nrf۲/Keap۱ activation, NF-κB inhibition, AMPK regulation, and downstream MAPK and PI۳K/Akt cascades, thereby enabling dose-dependent control of toxicity and elimination of adverse side effects. At the molecular level, bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and saponins present in the selected plants significantly induce the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf۲, which consequently upregulates antioxidant response element-driven genes including heme oxygenase-۱ (HO-۱) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase ۱ (NQO۱). These contribute critically to mitigating oxidative stress in neuronal and myocyte populations. Concurrent suppression of NF-κB signaling attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thus reducing neuroinflammation and muscular oxidative damage. Metabolically, the compounds enhance cellular bioenergetics by modulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, leading to improved glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation efficiency in muscle cells. Metabolomic profiling indicates significant shifts in the balance of glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, supporting sustained ATP production under energy demand. Pharmacokinetic assessments affirm optimal bioavailability facilitated by nanotechnology-based delivery systems engineered to enhance solubility and targeted biodistribution of neuroantioxidant agents, thus maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic exposure. In vitro assays employing neuronal (e.g., SH-SY۵Y) and skeletal muscle cell lines demonstrate a marked increase in cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential stabilization, and reduced apoptosis rates upon treatment with the formulated extracts. In vivo behavioral evaluations using rodent models reveal significant improvements in cognitive performance (memory retention and attentional tasks) and enhanced muscle endurance without manifestation of dose-related neurotoxicity or cytotoxicity. These findings underscore the safety profile associated with the controlled administration of these botanical neuroantioxidants. Furthermore, integration of advanced nanocarrier platforms such as biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles and liposomal encapsulations ensures sustained release kinetics and protection of fragile phytochemicals from oxidative degradation during storage, addressing formulation stability challenges inherent to functional beverages. This pioneering research bridges phytochemistry, molecular neuroscience, metabolic biochemistry, and nanoformulation sciences to advance the design of effective, safe energy drinks that potentiate neuronal and muscular functions. The mechanistic insights provide a foundation for future clinical translation and industrial optimization of energy formulations aiming at cognitive and physical enhancement without compromising consumer safety.

کلیدواژه ها:

neuroantioxidants ، Moringa oleifera ، Zingiber officinale ، Paullinia cupana ، energy drink formulation ، Nrf۲/Keapl signaling ، NF-κB inhibition ، AMPK modulation ، nanotechnology ، dose-dependent toxicity ، metabolic profiling ، neuroprotection ، musculoskeletal function