Omics-Based Biosensing and Real-Time Tracking of Viability and Metabolite Profiles of Nanoencapsulated Probiotics Using Molecular Nanosensors

The integration of nanoscale biosensing modalities with multi-omics analytical frameworks fundamentally transforms our capacity to quantitatively and qualitatively interrogate the in vivo fate, viability, and functional metabolite secretion dynamics of nanoencapsulated probiotics within the gastrointestinal milieu. This investigation presents the rational design, fabrication, and application of multifunctional molecular nanosensors endowed with ultra-high specificity and sensitivity, tailored to discriminate and monitor viable probiotic strains and their complex metabolomic signatures post nanoencapsulation. Engineered biosensors-encompassing electrochemical transducers employing aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based quantum dot conjugates, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) composites― achieve real-time spatiotemporal mapping of probiotic survival kinetics and targeted release profiles under physiologically simulated gastrointestinal conditions, including variable pH gradients, enzymatic milieus, and peristaltic dynamics. Concurrent deployment of shotgun metagenomics, quantitative metabolomics via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-MS/MS), and advanced quantitative proteomics elucidates probiotic-host-microbiome crosstalk at unprecedented resolution, delineating shifts in microbial community structure, biosynthetic pathway fluxes, and metabolite-mediated immunomodulatory signaling cascades attributable to nanoscale delivery systems. Rigorous characterization of biosensor performance parameters limit of detection (LOD) at femtomolar concentrations, discrimination indices for strain-specific markers, biocompatibility assays assessing cytotoxicity and immunogenicity, and robustness under dynamic physiological conditions-was integrated with in vitro gut epithelium models and in vivo rodent gastrointestinal transit assays to comprehensively assess probiotic bioavailability, functional persistence, and therapeutic payload bioefficacy. Findings reveal the critical role of molecular nanosensor-enabled omics convergence in decrypting probiotic functional longevity and bespoke metabolite expression patterns, uncovering tightly regulated adaptive metabolic networks and signaling molecules such as short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, and anti-inflammatory mediators that underpin probiotic-mediated gut homeostasis. This advanced multidisciplinary paradigm shifts the development of programmable nanoencapsulated probiotic formulations, facilitating precision microbiome modulation tailored to individual host physiological states and disease phenotypes. Furthermore, this work accentuates imperative challenges including nanosensor long-term biostability, in vivo sensor integration strategies, nanoparticle biodistribution kinetics, and compliance with evolving regulatory and safety frameworks, thereby charting a translational roadmap for the deployment of molecular nanosensors as pivotal tools in next-generation functional foods and clinical gastroenterology.

کلیدواژه ها:

Nanoencapsulation ، Molecular Nanosensors ، Probiotic Viability ، Omics Integration ، Metabolomics ، Gastrointestinal Targeting ، Biosensor Sensitivity