Ghrelin, Leptin, Insulin, Glucose, and Lipid Profile interactions in Type ۲ Diabetic Patients: A Comparative Analysis

Background: Type ۲ Diabetes Mellitus (T۲DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and progressive β-cell dysfunction, leading to significant multisystem complications and high global prevalence.Objectives: This study was conducted to (I) measure and compare concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin in individuals with T۲DM and non-diabetic controls; (II) analyze differences in metabolic profiles between the two groups; and (III) explore potential associations among insulin levels, BMI, and other hormonal and metabolic parameters assessed in the study.Methods: A case-control study was conducted, comprising ۸۰ individuals diagnosed with T۲DM (cases) and ۸۰ non-diabetic controls matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Clinical data were collected via standardized interviews, and venous blood samples were obtained to assess serum concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, insulin, glucose, lipid profile components, urea, and creatinine.Results: Compared with the control group, participants with T۲DM exhibited significantly higher insulin levels (۲۸.۸ ± ۲۳.۹ vs. ۱۸.۸ ± ۱۳.۵ μIU/ml; P = ۰.۰۲۵) and slightly elevated leptin concentrations (۷.۱ ± ۲.۷ vs. ۵.۹ ± ۲.۲ ng/ml; P = ۰.۰۸۱). Conversely, ghrelin concentrations were significantly lower among cases compared with controls (۱۱۸۹ ± ۵۸۰ vs. ۱۵۳۱ ± ۸۲۲ pg/ml; P = ۰.۰۳۸). Glucose (۱۸۷.۴ ± ۷۴.۱ vs. ۹۸.۳ ± ۱۷.۰ mg/dl; P<۰.۰۰۱) and triglyceride levels (۲۱۲.۵ ± ۷۸.۹ vs. ۱۴۳.۲ ± ۵۰.۴ mg/dl; P<۰.۰۰۱) were also markedly elevated in the cases group. Significant positive correlations were observed between insulin and both glucose (P = ۰.۰۱۱) and triglycerides (P = ۰.۰۴۹), whereas a weak, non-significant inverse correlation was identified between ghrelin and insulin levels (r = -۰.۲۱۳, P = ۰.۰۵۷).Conclusion: Individuals with T۲DM display distinct metabolic and hormonal alterations compared to non-diabetic controls, reflecting a complex endocrine interplay. The presence of both positive and inverse associations among insulin, leptin, and ghrelin highlights the multifaceted regulatory mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of T۲DM.

کلیدواژه ها:

Ghrelin ، insulin ، leptin ، lipid profile ، T۲DM