A Comprehensive Review of Heavy Metal Contamination and Sustainable Nanomaterials in Environmental and Economic Considerations

Human-made processes were causing severe heavy metal contamination at surface waters that creates more health hazards in industrial development. Nanomaterials have good qualities because they have more specific surface areas and organic properties and comply with ecologically friendly production orders. In this paper, the heavy metal remediation was studied through the examination of bio- based nanostructures and hybrid nanomaterials. The paper has discussed metal efficiency in terms of de-decomposing the removal mechanisms that involving plant extracts, microbial pathways and also life cycle assessment, the economic needs necessary to sustain long term operations. Recent advances in smart nanomaterials based on bio-hybrid systems and multi-functional nanocomposites have defined the new trends that shape the materials sector. The paper is a review article that considers the potential of sustainable nanomaterials in the remedial process of heavy metals to devise the optimal methods of synthesis and precondition sustainable industrial utilisation of the synthetic materials in the cleaning of the environment.

کلیدواژه ها:

Sustainable Nanomaterials ، Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Removal ، Synthesis ، life cycle assessment ، Recent innovations