Various formulations of therapeutic and cosmetic agents based on Cremophor EL surfactant: A review

Cremophor EL, derived from castor oil and classified as a nonionic surfactant, is widely utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to its ability to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs such as paclitaxel (Taxol). Its molecular structure, comprising polyethoxylated castor oil, facilitates the formation of micelles, which encapsulate poorly water-soluble compounds, thereby improving their dispersion in aqueous media. This property has been effectively exploited in a variety of micro- and nanoformulations, including injectable preparations, topical creams, and lotions, making it an indispensable excipient in modern drug delivery systems. Despite its functional advantages, Cremophor EL is associated with several clinically significant adverse effects. These include hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild to severe anaphylactoid responses, hyperlipidemia characterized by increased plasma lipid levels, and potential interactions that may affect the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs. The surfactant's influence extends to modulations in drug distribution, primarily through its capacity to alter free drug concentrations in plasma by micellar entrapment. These complications necessitate careful formulation design and patient management strategies. Research efforts continue to focus on overcoming the limitations posed by Cremophor EL’s side effects. Strategies such as dose optimization, premedication protocols to mitigate hypersensitivity, and the development of alternative solubilizers or carrier systems are under active investigation. Innovative formulations aiming to retain the solubilizing efficiency of Cremophor EL while minimizing its adverse profile is critical for advancing safer and more effective pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.

کلیدواژه ها:

Solubilizing agent ، Emulsifying agent ، Castor oil ، nonionic surfactant